託福寫作技巧

任何英文學習（語言學習）都需要模仿，只有不斷地模仿/抄襲，才可以熟能生巧，在考場上寫出靈活多變的句子來，但是如何抄出好成績也是有很多技巧和注意事項的。

首先，很多所謂的權威書籍並非權威，裏面的八分範文並非八分。一位專家曾拿過國內一本赫赫有名的書給國外的老師看。他們看後紛紛搖頭，説不知所云。這種文章尚且可以矇騙語言經驗尚淺的學生，卻不可以矇騙考官。學生即使背得滾瓜爛熟，也不過是背一篇不及格的文章而已。再説，目前中國人寫的文章極少有考官願意多看一眼的，更別説會夠到被人珍藏的級別。

其次，即使範文夠上了級別，學生是不是完全背下來了，背得恰當與否又是不得而知。有的學生背了片言隻語，然後融合自己寫的一堆病句錯句，分數不理想就開始懷疑考官是否打擊模仿範文的考生。又或者，考生死記硬背，看到題目類似就譽寫上去，而沒有考慮到題目修改所帶來的變化，試問一篇文不對題的文章如何得六分？

再者，語言都是模仿而來，包括考官本人的英文知識也是日積月累地模仿而來。對一件事情的描述其實大同小異，因此如果描述得當，文字上有雷同並不奇怪。考官不會期待着你對一件事物有前無古人，後無來者的敍述；反之，他只會接受外國人所遵循的一種普通的，常見的敍述方法。換言之，如果你的描寫接近英文的一般模式，你就會得高分。再簡單一點説，你抄得越象，越容易得高分。

可見，靈活運用，融會貫通才是我們應該努力掌握的。

yasIELTS WRITING SKILL

Ⅰ簡介

1.結構

Tack 1:圖表題(20min 150~180words 1/3)

Tack 2: Essay (40min 250~300words 2/3)

2.評分標準(Rating Mechanism/Criterion)

(1)字數:250words 9~15sentences 20~30words/sentence

(2)Fabric/Organization

4~5paragraphs

①Introduction (2~3sentences):導入問題、觀點和態度

②Main

③Body

④

⑤Conclusion:與開通呼應

(3)切題

手段問題的擺出與觀點或寫作目的及命題相關，即不能寫於主題無關的句子。

注意：

①不用some people

②不要引用名人名言。

③Main Body段落的主旨句往往為首句，且要出現命題的核心詞或其近義詞。

(4)銜接（句與句間的邏輯關係，包括從句與主句的關係）

過渡（段落間的起承轉合）

(5)與法語拼寫

正確率在97%以上，即錯誤處<8

(6)句法複雜

複雜句>70% ①定於從句:sb,a sth,who does sth,is sb

②主語從句:That…, is a…

③狀語從句:Because Although

(7)句型多變 ①強調句:It is … that/who…

②倒莊句:Not…until…

③比較結構:平行、對稱

④分詞:Ex:⑴Analyzing this issue from macroeconomics angles, scientists claim that it looms large (嚴重).

⑵Analyzed from historical angle/perspectives…

↑Band 7

(8)詞彙

注意近義詞的使用

↑Band 8

(9)習語、成語、修辭

ⅡIntroduction (2~3sentences)

(1)Problem/Issue:

①陳述句或設問句

②不能照抄命題

③在提出問題前可陳述與命題有關的現象（不超過一句）

(2)Points(反/正/中)

(3) Examples:

①What roles does tax, regards of its various forms, play in the development of a nation and an individual tax player. On the basis/strength/ground of my understanding/experience/knowledge, it hinders and hampers （阻礙/押頭韻） human well being（人類福利）.

②05-6-11

What is the relationship between architecture and culture identities? Will constructing buildings in conventional styles contribute to the preservation and or protection of the so-called culture ,a term with rather elusive (難以捉摸) and even controversial senses. A voice advocating such a practice is prevailing (流行)/dominating（控制）the public. This concept, nevertheless, is dubious /problematic.

③05-7-9

Do health care and education fall in the responsibilities of a modern government, which has been universally considered to protect basic human rights?

④05-8-13

Crimes are a formidable social issue that confronts almost each and every modern civilization. Moreover, the reasons why some human individuals commit crimes are yet to be discovered, because how to prevent children from becoming criminals looms large.

⑤05-10-15

It is a fact that distinct dissimilarities in education and health conditions exist between rural and urban areas. These gaps, however, are not necessarily bridged by sending teachers or doctors to rural areas. This is because each individual has human rights and liberty in selecting job site. This essay thus attempt to offer insights into these issues.

⑥ 05-5-28

What is a sound relationship between the curricula (pl. for curriculum) in high education institute and job markets/employment? It has been traditionally held that high education should be isolated from/independed upon job markets. Although such a theory has not totally distaste (扭曲) or deformed (畸形) the whole picture. The interdependence between the two social elements must be emphasized.

否定：

①This argument goes against/to far facts and figures.

②This argument suffers formidable logic drawbacks/flows/fallacies in reasoning.

③Not only such a theory dubious in reasoning, but also it is misleading as far as…is concerned.

肯定：

④In fact the affirmative answer to this question is self-evident / well-supported / substantiated / championed.

⑤Much/Rich evidence in the course of human events lends/offers solid ground to this argument.

⑥

ⅢPoints 分析方法

(1)分類、外延

Examples: 06-8-12 The relationship between language and culture.

Language ①Listening & Speaking A1 ① Culture

②Reading & Writing A2 ②

③Switch (Translation) A3 ③

(2)Paragraph Fabric

①What

Topic sentence (1~2): ⅰ為判斷句:Y/N Pro(正)/Con(反)

Outline the main idea of the whole paragraph ⅱ句法結構在正確的基礎上求複雜

ⅲ引出份論點

②Why(1~4)

ⅰ原因分析

ⅱ解釋（時間、空間、定性、定量、下定義）

ⅲ具體化

ⅳ預測後果（正/反）

ⅴ論據（無法充分論證時使用）

a.試驗、統計數據

Examples:

①statistics (pl.統計數據 statistic統計學) show that...

②a study/survey conducted/carried out by my university between 1997~20xx in my hometown shows that...

b.例子（生活中的本民族的或自己的例子）

Examples:

①my own/in person experience in New York during 1998~20xx serves as a typical/convening/telling and moving (曉之以理，動之以情) example/a case in point

②history is rich in evidence supporting these, for/take China as a case in point

ⅵ原因句型

a.單一原因表達

①This phenomenon has been traditionally contributed to the fact that/a assumption that…

②The main reason ,as universally accepted on the stage of/in the field of…,is that…

b.雙原因的表達

①This is partly because…, and partly because…

②This is more because…than because…

③Two major reasons are frequently acknowledged. For one thing…, for another (, still another…)/on one hand…, on the other hand…

c.解釋句型

①this means that…

②put it in other words…

③put it simply…

④that is to say…

④implied in this assertion (説法)/rhetoric/theory/argument/statement is that…

Examples:

①06-8-12

To be familiar with/to a culture and its life style is essential (indispensable/vital) to the learning of language that expresses such a culture, especially as far as listening and speaking skills are concerned. This is because listening and speaking whatever the contents, occur in a specific social setting (社會背景). But any social setting is subjected to (受…的制約) the culture and life style. For instance, “thank you” symbolizes that in the western civilization, happiness, liberty and life is (看作不同事物時用are，看作一系列事物時用is) highly emphasized. By contrast, “媽的” clearly shows that the traditional Chinese culture is characterized by “unhappy” rank-and-the-file (老百姓).

②05-4-16

The evolution of English into the global language has deeply reshaped the social and economic fabric/landscape. It is the language of English that bridges the east and the west, ending long period icy “cold times”(冷戰). Moreover (過渡詞) English accelerates/boosts the sustainable (可持續的) economic development in both developing and developed countries. In that (=because) it creates immense/massive job markets, helping a myriad (=a lot of) of those who would otherwise be unemployed. In addition, in terms of international relationship, English has remarkably united isolated nations with striking different political ideas.

Ⅳ常見的Topics

(1)Governor

政府應該怎樣花錢

Useful words:

①eradicate：根除

②eliminate：消除

(2)Environment

Useful words:

①environment=ecosystem=biota

②green house effect

③Ozone depletion：臭氧層消耗

④Water and soil erosion：水土流失

⑤irrigation：灌溉

⑥chemical fertilize, pesticide

⑦global warming

⑧glacier：冰川 sea level

⑨habited：棲息地 biodiversity：生物多樣性

(3)Education

Useful words;

①scientific

②humanities

③pure art

(4)分析層面

①Physical health

②Psychological balance

③Career development survive

thrive

④Academic achievement

⑤Ethic & Moral, Aesthetic value

Example:

06-9-23

To be committed oneself to (投身於) the well-being of a community in which this very individual survives and thrives virtually benefits the development not only of the society as a whole, but, more vital of the specific person. Volunteer jobs build the physical health of young adults in that both out-door and in-door jobs demands more physical exercise than classroom learning. In addition, such jobs construct/foster (培養) their moral and ethic values, and the aesthetic tastes as well. Why? It is easy to understand. Through doing unpaid jobs for the sack of others, young adults understand the quintessence （本質 quint：第五；essence：本質）of life: to give rather than to receive and get.

Furthermore, the positive impacts harvested from the young volunteers go far beyong the development of each volunteer on the community or society as a whole, they are brilliant, colorful, and significant. For one thing, volunteer jobs directly generate profits to the community, contributing to the economic development. Statistics indicate that my community, on average, gleans（收穫）more than ~$ annually from volunteer jobs.

For another, volunteer jobs generally focus on environmental protection/campaign against environmental pollution.

To sum up/conclude/In conclusion, it is beneficial for young people, including juveniles and adolescences/puberty to do volunteer jobs. But, I cast a skeptical eye on (=suspect) the argument that all young people must do volunteer jobs, because it might be harmful to some individuals or families.

Ⅴ圖表題

首段為信息段，説明研究的時間、地點、內容和對象。

Examples:

①06-1-14

This graph shows /gives the information that three stages involved in recycling of the Used Glass Bottles.

The first stage is rather simple. UGBs are put into rubbish cans, from which they can be moved/shipped by trucks to factories.

The second stage, however, seems to be somewhat complex/sophisticated in that it consists of several/numerous specific steps. To begin with, UGBs are washed by HPW. After this, they are classified according to color into 3 groups: G, B and C. Then each group UGBs are broken into tiny pieces which are melted/heated in the furnace. From the furnace comes liquid glass. Together with new liquid, this glass liquid is next moulded into new glass bottles. Here ends the second stag.

In the third stage, newly abreacted bottles are fulfilled with consumer goods. And they are packed and transported into supermarkets, where a new cycle begins.

Clearly, through these stages, UGBs have been well reused. However, how much glass can not be recycled is unavailable only on the basis of this graph.

②03-9-6

This picture reveals the differences/dissimilarities in…between CC and WC.

The main difference is in window design. In CC, the window is not set towards to the direction of the sun. But in WC, one room is equipped with 2 windows built two opposite aspects. During day time, windows are closed and covered. At night, however, they are open making ventilation possible so that the store heat can be removed.

Another difference is in roof style which CC cares for/demands HA roofs. WC roofs have over-hang pasts designed to form shade.

Still another difference is the materials. In CC, the interior walls are of thermos-building material. By contrast, the exterior walls are constructed with insulation: the roof uses heat-storage and heat-loss-reduction material. Nevertheless, roof in WC adopts/employees

external and internal insulation. Besides, reflection materials are utilized.

To sum (up)/To conclude, WC and CC are not the same in terms of house-design.

③03-9-20

Two possible sites for the supermarket are marked in the graph, which also indicates the potential pros and cons of each of the two: S1 and S2.

④劍3 P50

This bar chat illustrates the sum/the amount of money spent by each of the four countries in the each of the six kinds of consumer goods.

British eclipses/dwarfs/out number/out way/surpass the other three nations in terms of the amount of money understudy.

[⑴None out neighs Britain as far as the sum of money is concerned.

⑵Britain ranks next to none in terms of….]

Precisely, P.F. costs Britain about …, the maximum. PC by contrast, ranks…in the list of British spending.

In 1, 2 and 3, the money spent by France is lower than that by other countries. Similarly, German spends the least in 5 and 6. Put it in details…

托福考試寫作應試關鍵點詳細整理如下。新託福寫作部分往往是中國考生的弱項之一，相對於閲讀和聽力，託福寫作部分需要表達更多的自我想法，學生需要根據已定題目來發表自我想法，我們應該怎樣更好地表達自己的看法呢?下面小編和大家一起看看新託福寫作的方法。

新托福考試是一門語言類考試，而不是一門測試邏輯思辨能力的考試，它的所有題型的最終目的都是測試應試者的英語的應用能力。想要迅速提高新託福寫作成績，就需要有以下幾點能力：

　　第一，英語語法基礎。

語法一直是中國英語教育的核心，對於中國學生來講一般不是太大的困難。而且新託福寫作對於學生的語法要求不會很高，在懂得主謂賓正常的構句規則的基礎上，加上對各種從句以及幾個特殊句式(強調句、倒裝句)的運用，就足以應付託福寫作。

　　第二，文章結構最重要。

託福寫作通常是一個五段三點式的.寫作，通常我們也叫魚骨頭(Fish Bone)式。這樣的結構就是最為普遍的議論文結構，開頭段+中間三段+結尾段。千萬不要小看這樣的結構，以為這樣的結構過於簡單，過於八股。其實，新託福寫作考查的也就是考生是否會熟練運用這樣的結構去表達自己對一個觀點的看法。美國的高中生會專門用一年的時間來學習這樣的結構。所以在準備新託福寫作的時候，應該特別注意要熟練運用五段三點式這樣的結構。

　第三，語言的多樣性。

語言多樣性分為句式的多樣性和詞彙的多樣性。新託福寫作考試説到底，還是在考查學生的語言能力。文章結構就是一個人的骨架，那麼剩下來的工作就是需要往這具空空的骨架中添加進生動的血肉，這就是我們的語言了。新託福寫作考試對於考生的語言水平最基本的要求是沒有太多的語法錯誤，也就是考生所犯的語法錯誤不會影響到文章的理解。在這個基礎上，新托福考試還要求學生會熟練運用一些句式、詞彙，使文章看起來很native。

託福寫作技巧：合適的理由

A、什麼是合適的理由？

a. 理由要切題，不能和所討論話題無關、或關聯太小。

比如：圖書館投資書還是計算機話題，有人説買計算機好是因為：計算機的屏幕看起來很舒適，而且可以越做越大（圖書館是用來獲得的，大屏幕計算機有點奢侈吧？不是主要理由）；有人説計算機對現代人很重要找工作都要求計算機能力，所以投資計算機。（這個乾脆就跑題了。他應該是用來説明大學裏開始計算機課是必須的這個話題的。）

b. 理由不能過於道德低下，也不能過於高尚。

比如：用計算機打字好還是筆寫好，有人説打字好，這樣寫恐嚇信不會被警方識破。為錢工作還是為愛好工作，有人説為愛好工作，認為錢根本不重要，只要自己感愛好，完全可以不要錢，全心全意為人民服務了，好象連BASIC NECESSATIES 都不要，餓着肚皮就可以工作了。（應該説錢不是首要目的，有一些能夠滿足生活的基本需要就行了，不能成為工作的唯一目的。）

c. 理由不能違反話題的一般性

比如：圖書館投資書還是計算機話題， 有人説我們圖書館早已經配備好的全新的PII了，不用再投資計算機了，全部去買書吧。 這就違反了話題的願意：把兩種的媒介對比優勝劣汰。

d. 理由不要在政治上敏感。

比如：讓你重新生活一次，你選擇何時何地有人説，選擇科索沃，要成為一位傑出將領，重創北約......

B、是否可以寫折衷型文章。假如可以注重什麼？

有些話題可以寫，但需要周密思維，兩者能夠有機的協調在一起，還良好語言功底，一般同學成功機率只佔20%，所以不建議寫。如：室內、室外活動哪個你喜歡，為什麼。有人描述了各自好處，結尾綜合提到他們共同決定人的健康，一個physically， 一個spiritually. 要注重兩面的優點缺點都有所涉及，並提出可行的折衷辦法。

有些話題是絕對不可以折衷的。比如投資一類的，買書還是買計算機，總不能買舊書和二手電腦吧。

step1：找5篇左右的滿分作文。最好別用185。

step2：通讀這5篇，找出比較萬用的好句子。

這裏要説明什麼是好句子。

1、長短句子沒亮點，而且總共也沒幾個詞，達不到湊字數的目的，而且短句一般也不會用什麼句型。

2、句型複雜。最好有倒裝，強調，虛擬語氣，排比，比喻諸如此類的形式。

3、適用範圍廣泛。如果把與這篇文章相關的詞語劃去你一看，還差不多是個句子，這就符合條件。

step3：篩選句子。

從這5篇中，大概能找到10多句這樣的好句，挑出最順眼的，揹着最痛快的幾句記下來。記住，一定不能太多。因為考試時候你要直接寫出這幾句話，而不是現場從十幾句話裏面挑選，背的少就選擇的時間少，剩下了的時間用來湊字數。

step4：排列。

把這些你看着順眼的好句排排順序，看看哪些放開頭，哪些放結尾，哪些放中間段。

解決了上一個託福寫作問題之後，學生仍然可能會有思路阻塞的現象。這是極其正常的。例如，在比較A和B的時候，説了一段支持A之後發現，再想不到支持A的例子，也先不到反對B的例子，反而想到幾個支持A的例子，甚至是支持B的例子。通常如果有A+或者B-，文章的佈局是比較直接和簡單的。但問題就是隻有A-和B+的時候。如何繼續支持A？

選擇繼續支持A的原因有很多，可能因為前面基調已定無法修改，亦可能所有論點比較一下，沒有任何一方有壓倒性優勢，支持A支持B都會遇到上述問題，即直接可用的論點不足。亦可能是作者主觀上就是想支持A即便例子一下想不全。

其解決方案無非有二。其一是開闊托福考生思路。確保他們能想到足夠多的分論點以供使用。這點可以通過萬能理由，破題方法，段落展開等等手段來達到。但我們仍需要從其它角度再提供備選方案。方案二就是，如何變廢為寶，如何黑白顛倒。換言之，批評你可否不説你的缺點，而改為抨擊你的優點？支持我是否可以不説我的優點，而轉為反駁我的劣勢？這樣理論上，無論你想到的論點是A+, A-,B+,B-, 我們都可以用它們來支持任意一個觀點。這個原則我叫做好壞正反説，或者叫有利原則，即一切評價取決於評價者所站立場。

例如託福課上的一個例子是比較小説和電影，你更喜歡哪個。直接思維的結果是，我覺得小説有好處是比較方便，有一本書哪裏都可以看。電影的優點是在家裏看比較舒服，而且特效豐富比較精彩直觀。傳統上，我只能寫支持電影，中間寫兩段。但如果我偏偏喜歡小説。或者寫了一段小説方便後才發現沒得寫了。這個時候如何保住作文分數？甚至寫出一篇好的託福文章？顛倒黑白即可。例如，有人説看電影舒服，可是那有啥好的？往家裏一坐也不動緩，垃圾食品吃着，碳酸飲料喝着。不健康非常不好。另外有人説特效豐富好。好啥好？一點想象空間都沒有了，我就不喜歡那個女演員為什麼讓她來演小説裏面的女一號？毀了我所有期望。我就覺得地下精靈世界是那樣的，為啥你拍出來這麼不靠譜？你這不是強加給我我不喜歡的東西麼？沒想象力的人才喜歡看電影。如法炮製，我們最終發現，相當論點是啥完全沒關係，我們可以把它們變化一下，用來支持任何我們想支持的觀點。